Iris Publishers_Journal of Textile Science & Fashion Technology (JTSFT)

Progress in Textile Reinforced Ductile Cementitious Composite for Structural Retrofitting

This paper presents a review of literature on the innovation of textile reinforced mortar (TRM) and its applications in structural retrofitting fields. The structure of this paper is focused on the definition of this composite along with its characterization and the most common recent applications on structural retrofitting of concrete and masonry structures. The technique has dragged a respectable research interest in the construction fields due to its promising characteristics, ease of application and competitive cost. More research is required to cover many aspects such as the matrix used to bond textile fibres. More attention is required on applying this new type of textile fibre composite material in the construction field.

Keywords: Textile reinforced mortar; Fibre; Retrofitting; Concrete structures


Fibre Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM)

TRM includes textile fibres made out of inorganic matrix reinforced with continuous knitted or non- knitted fibres. This can be woven at least in two directions to make a fabric mesh; cementitious material is an example for the matrix to impregnate that fabric [1]. Cement-based matrix has an excellent vapor permeability, a good resistance to fire and a good applicability, which means it can successfully be used on wet surfaced at low temperature [2].

TRM is a wide category comprising high strength concrete or mortars and multifilament-Yarns of glass, polymer, or carbon. The cementitious matrix is made from fine aggregate with the maximum size ranging from 1 to 2mm, binder with a volumetric content of approximately 40-50%, and water with water to binder ratio of about 0.3. The high binder content is essential for workability and developing the bond between the fibres and the surrounded matrix. The composite is appropriate for both strengthening existing structures and producing new high-performance constructional elements.

TRM composites are characterized by its good tensile performance and high ductility due to the multi-cracks’ tolerance. The structure of continuous fibres consists of several yarns of thousands of individual filaments with a diameter of approximately 5-25μm. The yarns can be oriented in deferent directions and the amount of the yarns could be varied by depending on applied load [3]. One textile layer, at least, should be located at the extreme side of the composite, and the textile layer could be made from yarns woven in two or more directions [4].

Moreover, the matrix used to impregnate textile has been the aim of many researches to reach an excellent performance of the composites. Cementitious mortar has commonly been used to bond the textile recently. The mortar could be enriched by discrete fibres with dimensions appropriate with the textile system; polymers additives could be added to the cementitious mortar. In addition, geopolymer or lime-based mortar could also be used to impregnate the textile fibres. Since the matrix utilized is a mortar-based matrix, TRM is a very common acronym used in the literature [5].

Mechanical Properties of TRM

In the last few years, several studies have been conducted on the use of TRM technology in strengthening concrete and masonry structures [6-8]. TRM techniques have been proven a promising alternative to the Fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) technology in cases where FRP technology has some drawbacks. For example, FRP is classified as a poor resistant technique to fire due to epoxy-based resin of organic polymer, typically used in FRP. Organic material, unless isolated from the fire, is flammable and not able to withstand high temperature above the glass transition, experimentally ranging from 60⁰ to 82⁰, this might be accompanied by releasing hazard fumes [9]. Due to the heterogeneity of the composite material components, a complex behavior has been observed through investigations. The tensile behavior was experimentally studied and numerically modeled to improve the knowledge for future studies and applications [10,11]. The tensile performance of cement-based composite is different from that of polymericbased composites because of the low ductility compared with the organic matrix. In the polymer-based systems, the strain capacity in tension is bigger than that of fibres resulting in an elastic behavior up to the failure point; such behavior is presented by FRP material. However, the inorganic matrixes where the ultimate strain is much less than that of the reinforcement, cracks appear before fibres reach its maximum strain. At this stage, the reinforcement is bridging at the cracked sections and carrying the entire tension. It should be mentioned that the fibre content should be over the critical value that is found to be 1-3% fraction volume of the composite. Avoiding a catastrophic failure in the matrix and making the reinforcing able to carry additional load can be achieved at contents above the critical values. Fibre geometry and the interface bond between the matrix and the fibre are important to achieve the ductile performance, and composite strength and toughness [12]. Adopting a TRM strengthening system may offer many advantages, such as a cost-efficient technique that can be simply applied as a seismic strengthening system or repairing layers. Additionally, due to the use of inorganic matric rather than the epoxy- based resin, TRM may address the disadvantages of FRP technique. TRM has the following advantages: better resistance to high temperature; easy to apply on damped surfaces; not classified as a hazardous material; sufficiency of vapor permeability [5].

Types of mortar used in TRM

Cement-based mortar (cement, sand and water) was used as a matrix in TRM composite in some investigations such as [6,13]. Inorganic hydraulic cement and acrylic- modified cement past, commercially available, were mixed with fine aggregate as utilized by Francisco et al. [14]. In an investigation by Marcari, et al. [7], a dry binder consisted of a hydraulic lime mortar with geo-binder and reactive components were mixed with a water to binder ratio of 1:4.9. Silica and Fly ash were used with the cementitious-based mortar to reduce the alkali component compared with Portland cement and used as bond agent in a study by Gopinath et al. [15]. A paste of cement and water only was used to impregnate a fabric mesh in a study conducted by Peled et al. [12] to study the effect of fabric geometry on the reinforcement performance of textile composite.

A binder of Cement combined with 1.8% weight of polymers was conducted by Raoof, et al. [16], water to binder ratio of about 0.23 was utilized. The mixture resulted in a mortar with 39.2 MPa and 9.8 MPa compressive and flexural strength respectively. It was found that the presence of polymers in the cementitious mortar was essential to ensure excellent bond between the strengthening layer and the substrate when the composite applied for repairing existing concrete structures. In studies by Larrinaga et al. [11]and Larrinaga et al. [10] chopped polymers and fine sand with the particle size of 0.6mm were mixed with cement paste to get cement-based mortar able to permeate into the fibres. A resin with a content of less than 5% was also added to the mortar.

In very recent research, Al-Gemeel and Zhuge have produced a new generation of TRM where they used engineered cementitious composite (ECC) to bond basalt textile fibres [17,18]. It was found that ECC could be a very successful cement-based matrix to impregnate textile fibres due to the strain-hardening performance and the high workability.


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