Iris Publishers_Journal of Textile Science & Fashion Technology (JTSFT)

An Overview of Geotextiles: Industrial Application in Technical Textiles

Abstract

Geotextiles are technical textiles which will lead the future textile market. Geotextiles have great impact on protecting natural disaster. Now a day’s countries are very much vulnerable to the influence of climate change. Due to climate change and other causes there are significant number of disasters is happening day by day. Geotextiles can protect our bridges, roads and soil from natural disaster by making embankments and retaining walls. Erosion control can be occurred by this. By using geotextiles, it is made temporary roads or permanent roads . So, at the time of natural disaster it cannot be damaged. The application of geotextiles is huge. Not only disaster time but also the solution of drainage system and reinforcement of road is done by geotextiles. Actually, geotextiles are mixing branch of textile engineering and civil engineering. Civil engineers look after the civil part and textile engineers look after the textile materials of it . Geotextiles are made by various way. But in industrial approach geotextiles are made some different way. In this article it is discussed about all of it. Besides protecting from natural disaster geotextiles can separate the soil. That’s why geotextiles are used to identify the soil and soils quality. In this article , it is taken image of the application of geotextiles, how geotextiles can make , how can it protect the natural disaster. This is also discussed about geotextiles history and types. So, it can be said that from this article an overview of geotextiles can be found.

Keywords: Geotextiles; Erosion; Reinforcement; Natural fiber; Man- made fiber; Separation; Filtration, Drainage; Geosynthetics; Solid barrier; Surfacing; Tension membrane


Introduction

The word “Geotextiles “ is come from “Geo and “Textiles.” Geo means ground or land. It can be soil related term. According to the textile institute the word “Textile” means a general term applied to any manufacture from fibers, filaments or yarns characterized by flexibility, fineness and high ratio of length to thickness” so the “Geotextiles” definition are it is a permeable fabrics which is used in association with soils ability to protect, separate, filter reinforcement and drain .It is made by natural fibers and also manmade fibers. The geotextile fabric can be created by the blending of natural or manmade fibers also. Geotextile composites are very well known and its products such as geogrids and meshes have been developed recently. Geotextiles are very durable, soften and someone fells down of it. Geotextile is also known as geosynthetics, though there is some dissimilarity between its. It is helpful to environmental science to design of environment [1].

History of Geotextiles

The introduction of geotextiles was established in China and Kerala at this subcontinent. Woven mats made of reeds used in Babylonia which was actually a geotextile. Construction of great wall of China is be like that. In Kerala there is a convention to spread coconut leaves over the sub-grades. Trees stolon’s are laid on soft marshy soils to facilitate walking in some developing countries. Now a days many developed countries are using this vegetation technique to control erosion of soil surface to the environmental issues (Figure 1).

The mixing type or blending type of geotextiles were began at 1950’s after the invention of polymeric materials. It had been launched only due to the commercial reasons. To overcome the soil related problem the uses of natural ingredients, technologists thought to make fabrics from manmade materials such as polyamide, polyethylene that’s requirement to improve soil strength and behavior. The Netherland is the first country to take a plan to make man –made geotextiles. In 1953, she took a massive “Delta” project to save the country from the ravages of floods generated from the North Sea by making man-made geotextiles. Other developed countries like USA started using geotextiles specially prevent from the soil erosion. Around the 1960’s the man-made geotextiles were globally popular. Below the countries which are using geotextiles are shown by the Map (Figure 2).

Types of Geotextiles

Geotextiles are divided into mainly two types: Fiber based geotextiles & Fabric based Geotextiles. Fiber based Geotextiles are discussed below:

Natural fibers

Natural fibers are collected from plant, animal and mineral origins. The large quantity of these fibers is available worldwide. The natural fibers have some properties to help making geotextiles. They are high strength, high modulus, low breaking extension and low elasticity. Yarn and fabrics produced from natural fibers show low level of creep ability during application. Mineral fibers are brittle and low flexible that’s why mineral fibers are not applicable to make geotextiles as an industrial application. The important natural fibers which are used in making geotextiles that’s are jute, sisal, flax, hemp, abaca, ramie and coir. Geotextiles which are produced from natural fibers they are biodegradable. So, these textile products are used mainly temporary applications. So, the benefits of using natural fibers to make geotextiles are low cost, robustness, strength, durability, availability , good drapeability and biodegradability [4].

Man-made fibers

The synthetic or man –made fibers are used for geotextiles are called geosynthetics. So, there is a difference between geotextiles and geosynthetics that’s are geotextiles are made from both fibers like natural fibers and man –made fibers but geosynthetics are made from only man-made fibers. So, this is said that all geotextiles are not geosynthetics but all geosynthetics are geotextiles. The four polymeric families are recognized as raw materials for geosynthetics they are : polypropylene, polyester, polyamide and polyethylene. The functional characteristics to make geotextiles by the polymeric materials are discussed below:

Polypropylene: Polypropylene is the most used polymer for the manufacturing of geotextiles on account of its low cost , suitable tensile properties and chemical inertness. Polypropylene has low density that’s why it has low cost per unit of volume. The disadvantages of polypropylene are it is very much sensitive to UV ray and high temperature . It has poor creep and mineral resistance. Polypropylene should be used under suitable installation and environmental conditions (Figure 3).

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